LONDON - Countries around the world are battling heatwaves and floods fuelled by El Nino, a naturally occurring climate phenomenon that has a 90% probability of persisting in the second half of 2023, according to the World Meteorological Organization.

The worldwide impact can be enormous, but the stakes are higher for emerging markets, which are more exposed to swings in food and energy prices and production and often have smaller fiscal buffers that limit their ability to cushion the impact.

Below are five charts showing the impact El Nino - when waters in the central and eastern Pacific are warmer than usual - could have on key emerging markets.

1/MOST VULNERABLE

India and Egypt are among the economies that are overall most vulnerable to El Nino's impact this year, according to an index by Standard Chartered Bank, taking into account the weight of the primary sector, the share of food in inflation baskets and a country's ability to offset through fiscal support.

Ghana, Kenya and the Philippines are also high up on the list while countries such as South Africa and Chile are among the least vulnerable - together with most of the developed market economies such as Germany or the United States.

"We believe that the countries most at risk from an El Nino event this year are those that have relatively weak economic fundamentals and that experienced relatively weak agricultural production during the 2014-16 El Nino period," said Eugene Klerk, head of ESG Research at Standard Chartered Bank.

2/AGRICULTURAL PRESSURES

Sudden changes in rainfall or temperature can wreak havoc on crops. With agriculture accounting for a larger share of the economy and employment in Africa and South Asia than elsewhere, these regions are especially vulnerable to the El Nino fallout.

"A sharp reduction in the volume of crops that can be exported could result in balance of payments strains for some economies," according to a research note led by Jennifer McKeown, chief global economist for Capital Economics.

India has banned exports of a key variety of rice, cutting overall supplies to world markets by a fifth. Nearly 90% of rice is produced in Asia, and threatened by dry El Nino weather, with the Philippines and Thailand also at risk. Other produce in focus includes cocoa from Ivory Coast and Ghana, sugar from India and Thailand and coffee from Vietnam and Indonesia.

There are, however, exceptions - Argentina had a record soy harvest in previous El Nino episodes, according to Morgan Stanley.

"El Nino tends to be negative in EM, though Argentina is an exception," the bank's Fernando Sedano wrote in a note, adding "Argentina is likely the only net winner of El Nino."

3/FRAGILE FOOD

Food prices make up a larger share of the CPI baskets of emerging markets - as much as 40% in many low income economies - so El Nino's severity is set to directly impact inflation.

A European Central Bank analysis suggests that a one-degree temperature increase during El Nino historically has raised global food prices by more than 6% after one year.

Southern Africa, Central America and the Caribbean and parts of Asia are of "particular concern" due to already high levels of food insecurity, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO).

David Rees, senior emerging markets economist at Schroders, warned that a strong El Nino could push emerging market food inflation back into double digits in 2024.

4/A HYDRO QUESTION

Significant changes to rainfall, or prolonged droughts, could also impact hydropower output and boost gas and coal prices as a result, according to Capital Economics.

"Several countries, mostly in Africa, are heavily reliant on hydroelectricity," the note said. "Lower rainfall could hinder electricity generation and possibly lead to power rationing."

Energy prices are also a key driver of food inflation, they warned, while warmer temperatures could increase demand for air conditioning.

5/CLOUDING THE INFLATION PICTURE

Latin American central banks were among the first to ramp up interest rates after COVID-19 to fight rising prices, and are the first to kick off easing, led by Chile and Brazil.

But the El Nino impact on agricultural production and electricity generation could complicate disinflation, and lead to higher-for-longer rates.

"Colombia and Peru are the most exposed countries, followed by Chile and Brazil to a lesser extent," said BofA's Latam local market strategist Antonio Gabriel.

BofA estimates that El Nino would be "at least of moderate intensity this year", but severe intensity could raise inflation by up to 2.5% in Colombia and 1.5% in Peru.

"Mexico seems mostly isolated," Gabriel added.

(Reporting by Jorgelina do Rosario and Libby George, editing by Karin Strohecker, Kirsten Donovan)