The World Trade Organization praised a provisional deal to waive patent rights for COVID-19 vaccines after more than a year of deadlock, although drugmakers said the move risked undermining the industry's ability to respond to future health crises.

The United States, the European Union, India and South Africa agreed on Tuesday on key elements for a waiver.

It now needs the backing of the 164 members of the WTO, which takes decisions based on consensus, so rejection by just one country could still block an accord.

"This is a major step forward," WTO Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala said after Wednesday's agreement was announced. "But we are not there yet. We have more work to do to ensure that we have the support of the entire WTO membership."

If approved, the agreement would mean countries could permit domestic manufacturers to produce vaccines without patent-holder consent. But only developing countries accounting for less than 10% of global exports of COVID-19 shots in 2021 could do this.

That would appear to exclude China but clear India, which banned vaccine exports for much of 2021.

Global drugmakers in the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations (IFPMA) said the move could undermine their ability to respond to future crises.

"Biopharmaceutical companies reaffirm their position that weakening patents now when it is widely acknowledged that there are no longer supply constraints of COVID-19 vaccines, sends the wrong signal," IFPMA director general Thomas Cueni said.

Pfizer declined to comment on the waiver initiative and its German vaccine partner BioNTech had no immediate comment. The two have pledged to provide 2 billion doses of their vaccine to low and middle income countries in 2021 and 2022.

AstraZeneca, the maker of another major COVID vaccine, also declined to comment.

COVAX, global programme to provide vaccines to poorer nations, has been struggling this year to place more than 300 million doses, as supply and donations have ramped up.

Poorer nations have face challenges ranging from limits on cold-chain shortage to vaccine hesitancy and inadequate funds to support distribution.

(Reporting by Ludwig Burger and Philip Blenkinsop; Editing by Edmund Blair)